Criminal Evidence Act 1992

• Hearsay or Real Evidence

• Record generated in the normal course of business, without intervention of humans provided machine is reliable.

• Assumed to be working correctly - Good or bad?

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Calculations/analyses generate by the computer itself are real evidence.

Documents it holds are treated as hearsay. Origin isn’t ‘untainted’

In the absence of evidence to the contrary, normally functioning device is assumed to be working. Are computers ‘usually’ working? Hardware is quite reliable, software definitely isn’t.